Information for people with weakened immune systems
If you have a condition or are undergoing a treatment that is likely to reduce your immune response to COVID-19 vaccination, or increase your susceptibility to infection and severe illness, it is important that you have up-to-date information about the vaccines.
This section aims to being all this information together in one place so you can access it easily and keep up to date with developments of interest.
You may also be interested in studies currently under way on immune responses in people with a range of conditions, and relevant recent published papers.
**Scroll down for relevant resources from a range of organisations**
Ongoing studies and initiatives exploring immune response to vaccination in people with a range of conditions:
UK Coronavirus Cancer Programme (cancer / immunodeficiency)
SOAP (cancer)
PREPARE (blood cancer)
COV-AD (immune deficiency)
MELODY (organ transplants, blood cancer, autoimmune conditions)
VROOM (methotrexate)
Vasculitis study (vasculitis and other autoimmune rheumatic conditions)
CAPTURE (cancer)
VIBRANT (factors affecting reinfection)
OCTAVE / OCTAVE DUO (clinically at-risk groups)
PROSECO (lymphoma)
Determining the immunological basis for weakened SARS-CoV-2 vaccination outcomes (HIV and B cell lymphoma)
Scientific papers relating to conditions / treatments that may affect the immune response to COVID-19 vaccines:
Cancer
Association of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Antibody Vaccine Response With Infection Severity in Patients With Cancer A National COVID Cancer Cross-sectional Evaluation
COVID-19 vaccine boosted immunity against Omicron in chronic myeloid leukemia patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors
COVID-19: Third dose booster vaccine effectiveness against breakthrough coronavirus infection, hospitalisations and death in patients with cancer: A population-based study
Outcomes of the SARS-CoV-2 omicron (B.1.1.529) variant outbreak among vaccinated and unvaccinated patients with cancer in Europe: results from the retrospective, multicentre, OnCovid registry study
Vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19 breakthrough infections in patients with cancer (UKCCEP): a population-based test-negative case-control study
COVID-19 vaccines elicit strong cellular immunity and robust clinical protection in CLL
Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with acute leukaemia and high risk MDS on active anti-cancer therapies
Immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants after two and three doses of vaccine in B-cell malignancies: UK PROSECO study
Omicron neutralising antibodies after third COVID-19 vaccine dose in patients with cancer
Humoral and cellular responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with lymphoid malignancies
SARS-CoV-2 vaccine responses following CD20-depletion treatment in patients with haematological and rheumatological disease: a West Midlands Research Consortium study
Functional antibody and T cell immunity following SARS-CoV-2 infection, including by variants of concern, in patients with cancer: the CAPTURE study
Impaired Neutralisation of SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant in Vaccinated Patients With B Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia
Humoral and cellular immunity to delayed second dose of SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination in patients with cancer
Heterologous prime-boost vaccination targeting MAGE-type antigens promotes tumor T-cell infiltration and improves checkpoint blockade therapy
Whole blood-based measurement of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses reveals asymptomatic infection and vaccine efficacy in healthy subjects and patients with solid organ cancers
Antibody Responses After First and Second COVID-19 Vaccination in Patients With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia
Single dose of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 induces high frequency of neutralising antibody and polyfunctional T-cell responses in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms
Multiple Sclerosis
Response to COVID-19 booster vaccinations in seronegative people with MS
CD19 B cell repopulation after ocrelizumab, alemtuzumab and cladribine: Implications for SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations in multiple sclerosis
COVID-19 vaccine response in people with multiple sclerosis
HIV
Durability of ChAdOx1 nCov-19 (AZD1222) vaccination in people living with HIV - responses to SARS-CoV-2, variants of concern and circulating coronaviruses
Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in HIV infection: a single-arm substudy of a phase 2/3 clinical trial
Organ transplant
Immune responses following 3rd and 4th doses of heterologous and homologous COVID-19 vaccines in kidney transplant recipients
Systematic review of spontaneous reports of myocarditis and pericarditis in transplant recipients and immunocompromised patients following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination
Immunological responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in kidney transplant recipients
General and miscellaneous
Impact of vaccination on hospitalization and mortality from COVID-19 in patients with primary and secondary immunodeficiency: The United Kingdom experience
COVID-19 vaccine-induced antibody and T-cell responses in immunosuppressed patients with inflammatory bowel disease after the third vaccine dose (VIP): a multicentre, prospective, case-control study
Age-Associated B cells predict impaired humoral immunity after COVID-19 vaccination in patients receiving immune checkpoint blockade
Vaccine escape, increased breakthrough and reinfection in infliximab-treated patients with IBD during the Omicron wave of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic
Effect of a 2-week interruption in methotrexate treatment versus continued treatment on COVID-19 booster vaccine immunity in adults with inflammatory conditions (VROOM study): a randomised, open label, superiority trial
Factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine uptake in people with kidney disease: an OpenSAFELY cohort study
SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Responses in Individuals with Antibody Deficiency: Findings from the COV-AD Study
Humoral and cellular immunogenicity to a second dose of COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b2 in people receiving methotrexate or targeted immunosuppression: a longitudinal cohort study
The effect of methotrexate and targeted immunosuppression on humoral and cellular immune responses to the COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b2: a cohort study
Should we be clinically assessing antibody responses to covid vaccines in immunocompromised people?
Increased seroprevalence and improved antibody responses following third primary SARS-CoV-2 immunisation: an update from the COV-AD study
Safety of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in people with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases: results from the EULAR Coronavirus Vaccine (COVAX) physician-reported registry
Determinants of uptake of a third dose of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Increased seroprevalence and improved antibody responses following third primary SARS-CoV-2 immunisation: an update from the COV-AD study
Antibody decay, T cell immunity and breakthrough infections following two SARS-CoV-2 vaccine doses in inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with infliximab and vedolizumab
COVID-19 vaccine-induced antibody responses in immunosuppressed patients with inflammatory bowel disease (VIP): a multicentre, prospective, case-control study
COVID-19 vaccine-induced T-cell responses in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: preferential induction by ChAdOx1
Vaccine hesitancy and access to psoriasis care in the COVID-19 pandemic: findings from a global patient-reported cross-sectional survey
Cross reactivity of spike glycoprotein induced antibody against Delta and Omicron variants before and after third SARS-CoV-2 vaccine dose in healthy and immunocompromised individuals
SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination in patients with inflammatory rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases
SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Responses in Individuals with Antibody Deficiency: Findings From The COV-AD Study
Efficacy of two doses of COVID-19 vaccine against severe COVID-19 in those with risk conditions and residual risk to the clinically extremely vulnerable: the REACT-SCOT case-control study
Initial experience of the safety and tolerability of the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-Bio-N-Tech) vaccine in extremely vulnerable children aged 12–15 years
Examining the Immunological Effects of COVID-19 Vaccination in Patients with Conditions Potentially Leading to Diminished Immune Response Capacity – The OCTAVE Trial
Safety of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in people with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases: results from the EULAR Coronavirus Vaccine (COVAX) physician-reported registry
Resources
Update on the COVID-19 vaccination programme for 2023
An announcement made by the UK Government on 25 January 2023 about plans for the COVID-19 vaccine programme in the coming year.
Webinar: Living with COVID-19 and blood cancer
Webinar hosted by Leukaemia Care featuring Prof Alex Richter from the University of Birmingham, looking at the latest situation for people living with blood cancer (26 September 2022).
Q&A – COVID-19 vaccines and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL)
A set of answers to frequently asked questions based on research on immune responses in people with CLL undertaken by a team at the University of Birmingham.
Information about COVID-19 vaccines for people with motor neurone disease
Information about COVID-19 (including vaccines) for people with motor neurone disease, prepared by the Motor Neurone Disease Association.
Information about COVID-19 vaccines for people with prostate cancer
Information about the COVID-19 vaccines for people with prostate cancer, prepared by Prostate Cancer UK.
Webinar: Living with immunodeficiency, living with COVID-19
A panel of experts discuss the cutting-edge research to understand the immune response after infection and vaccination in people with immune deficiency. Hosted by the British Society for Immunology in association with the COV-AD study.
COVID-19 vaccines: how effective are they in people with weakened immune systems?
A panel of experts discuss the available research to understand immune responses after COVID-19 vaccination in people who are immunosuppressed and how this can be managed in future. Created by the British Society for Immunology.
Information about COVID-19 vaccines for people with myeloma
Answers to frequently asked questions about COVID-19 vaccines from people with myeloma. Created by Myeloma UK.
Information about COVID-19 vaccines for people with vasculitis
Information for people with vasculitis about COVID-19 and vaccines, prepared by Vasculitis UK.
Information about COVID-19 vaccines for people with diabetes
Information and guidance about COVID-19 vaccines for people with diabetes. Created by Diabetes UK.
The SOAP study: information for people with Myelodysplastic Syndromes
An update on results from the SOAP study on vaccine effectiveness in people with Myelodysplastic Syndromes, a group of malignant blood disorders. Created by the MDS UK Patient Support Group.
COVID-19 and your stem cell transplant
Information for people who have had a stem cell transplant, including a section specifically on vaccines for COVID-19. Prepared by Anthony Nolan.
Information about COVID-19 vaccines for people with blood cancer
Information on COVID-19 and vaccines for people affected by leukaemia, lymphoma, myeloma, MDS, MPN, or any blood cancer. Created by Blood Cancer UK.
Information about COVID-19vaccines for people with MS
The latest information about vaccines for COVID-19 for people with MS. Created by the MS Society.
Information about COVID-19 vaccines for people with arthritis
Information about vaccines for COVID-19 for people with arthritis, prepared by Versus Arthritis.
Information about COVID-19 vaccines for people with kidney disease
Information about the COVID-19 vaccines for people with kidney disease, prepared by Kidney Research UK.
Information about COVID-19 vaccines for people with liver disease
Information about the COVID-19 vaccines for people with liver disease, prepared by the British Liver Trust.
FAQ on boosters and 3rd primary doses
A list of answers to frequently asked questions about COVID-19 vaccine boosters and 3rd primary doses. This is a live document that will be updated over time.